The role of a cinematographer is to provide a film with its own visual identity, or 'look'. As cinematographer, my input was necessary throughout the whole process of creating our short film, from the initial brainstorming process to editing. I kept in mind the words of Tony Lawson from our masterclass, who said that there are in fact three separate films; the film you write, the film you shoot, and the film you edit, and therefore the cinematographer is important in all of these stages.
During the planning stages, I worked with all members of my group in order to create one shared vision of how we wanted the film to look. As our idea changed so drastically, so did our plan for how we wanted the film to be shot. For example in our very first idea, the silent film, we were going to use colour to portray the feelings of the protagonist, whereas in the second idea, there would be more wide shots to show the girl as she went about her day. In our final idea, we had to work out a way of manipulating the shots so that the audience would not be able to tell that the three characters were in the same room, as this would give away the twist. Therefore, when creating shot lists, I decided that the majority of the shots should be medium and close ups, with the shots becoming more and more close to the faces of the characters as the film progressed, to show how they were being consumed by technology. Their faces could even become partially obscured by the devices in order to stress this. The only wide shot would be the final shot when the whole room was revealed. I wanted this ending to be quite comic, and thought that a tracking shot would work well here.
On the day of the shoot, I was very excited to finally see our plan for the short film come to life, and also to use the Black Magic camera. As cinematographer, I first set up the room so that there were three distinct locations for our three characters; the sofa, a chair and a space next to the window. As visuals are so important, I decided that the characters should be wearing a variety of colours in order to add visual interest, so we tried out a couple of outfits until we were happy. When we started shooting, I worked mainly with the director in order to frame the shots and wanted to make sure to get the maximum possible number of shots from different angles so that there would definitely be enough footage. As our film relies heavily on facial expressions, I managed to get a few in one take by holding the shot on the face of the actor while the director called out various emotions. This saved us time and also many that we had plenty to choose from later in the edit. At times it was very difficult to achieve certain angles without giving away the location of the characters, so for example, we could only use close ups with no establishing shot for the introduction of our third character. My favourite two shots to film were the tilt and pull focus of the boy eating the skittles, which required some practice and concentration, and the final 'reveal' shot, where we used a slow track for a comic effect. Overall, I was really pleased with my role as cinematographer whilst shooting our short film and I learnt a lot about the use of different lenses and filters which I hadn't had much knowledge of before.
During the beginning of the editing process, my input as cinematographer was still important in order to make sure that the overall 'look' of the film was kept. I helped to select the best shots and takes from our shoot and to roughly put these together before our editor took over to complete it. I also paid particular attention to the cuts and continuity between shots to make sure that any mistakes did not detract from the storyline.
Wednesday 19 February 2014
Tuesday 18 February 2014
Arts Challenge Review
Having completed my Arts Challenge, I am going to complete a short review in order to establish what went well, what didn't go so well and what I would do differently if I were to complete the challenge again.
Were you able to meet your Arts Challenge?
Yes, I managed to complete my challenge and created two short films with the same storyline but in different genres, Horror and Romance, manipulating my footage using a variety of different techniques, after conducting research into the conventions of genre. I used shot choice, colour, sound effects, music and other editing techniques in order to change the genre. I was able to complete my challenge in a short amount of time with my own equipment, using a friend to act, and therefore with no expenditure as I had planned.
Did you change your action plan in any way?
I made a few slight changes to my plan, for example I changed the story from simply reading a letter to include more of a build up, giving me more time to experiment with shots and editing. In my Action Plan my story idea was 'a woman/man walks into a room, sees a letter and reads it' whereas in my final film the story line changed to: 'a girl is sat reading a book, a letter is posted through the door and she reads it'. I was also unable to keep both films to the same length, as I had more shots for the Horror. Although I had hoped to keep both under 1 minute in length, my Romance ended up being 0:59 whereas my Horror was 1:11. However, this was because I found that there were more shots I could include for the Horror, and this didn't end up being a problem at all. Another change I made to my action plan was that I ended up spending different amounts of time on each area than I had planned - it only took me around 2 hours to film, but I ended up spending more time editing, as I had not thought about the time it would take me to find music and sound effects.
What went well? What didn't go well?
What went well? What didn't go well?
I am overall very pleased with the outcome of my Arts Challenge, and believe that the final films show that I have understood the concepts of the different genres. Although they are quite clichéd and over-stylised, this hopefully makes the genres quite obvious which is what I was aiming for. I was happy with how quickly I was able to film the footage, although I found that there were a lot more specific shot types that I could use for the Horror genre (such as dutch tilt, hand held, point of view) whereas it was difficult to do this for the Romance, so I think this may have looked a bit dull with only wides, mediums and close ups. I was also really pleased with my use of sound effects in the Horror, which I had little experience with, and I worked on layering a lot of different sounds on top of each other in order to create a dramatic effect and increase the tension, which I think worked well.
What have you learnt from your Arts Challenge?
I have learnt a lot about the concept of genre and about how different genres are created using a variety of techniques. I believe that I learnt a lot more through creating my own short films than if I had simply done research. I also improved my organisation by working to a plan, creating storyboards/shot lists and sticking to a time scale. I am now more confident in my editing skills, using colour, music and sound effects.
What would you do differently?
If I was to complete this Arts Challenge again, I would choose another genre other than Romance to experiment with, such as a Thriller or Action, where I could use more specific shot types and editing techniques. I would also create more detailed plans for both short films, as I drew a storyboard for the Horror and a vague shot list, but mainly improvised during the filming. I would also like to invest in a different editing software (such as Final Cut Pro) as mine is very basic and limited, and possibly improve my use of lighting as I believe that there was some inconsistency in lighting and colour between my shots.
What have you learnt from your Arts Challenge?
I have learnt a lot about the concept of genre and about how different genres are created using a variety of techniques. I believe that I learnt a lot more through creating my own short films than if I had simply done research. I also improved my organisation by working to a plan, creating storyboards/shot lists and sticking to a time scale. I am now more confident in my editing skills, using colour, music and sound effects.
What would you do differently?
If I was to complete this Arts Challenge again, I would choose another genre other than Romance to experiment with, such as a Thriller or Action, where I could use more specific shot types and editing techniques. I would also create more detailed plans for both short films, as I drew a storyboard for the Horror and a vague shot list, but mainly improvised during the filming. I would also like to invest in a different editing software (such as Final Cut Pro) as mine is very basic and limited, and possibly improve my use of lighting as I believe that there was some inconsistency in lighting and colour between my shots.
'The Letter' - Horror and Romance
I shared my two short films with Ed at the BFI Film Academy meeting where he peer reviewed them.
Monday 17 February 2014
Pre-Production Day
Today we met at the Rural Media Company for the last time as a group before we shoot our short film tomorrow. We read through Rory's draft script of our new film idea and made a few changes, for example we decided that we should not specify that the setting will be rainy in case it does not rain on the day. We also created a shot list so that we can be more organised in our shoot tomorrow:
We are using mainly close up and medium shots for the majority of the film, with the only wide being a tracking shot at the end of the film to reveal that all three characters are in the same room. We also thought about having the characters faces becoming more and more obscured by their device (eg. laptop, phone) throughout the film to show how they are becoming absorbed with technology.
As cinematographer for our short film, I also spent a while experimenting with the camera which I will be shooting with tomorrow, the Black Magic. Our group mentor Dave explained to me how to put the camera together, what the different lenses and filters are used for and other technicalities such as focus and shutter speed. I enjoyed getting to grips with this camera as it is very different to other DSLRs which I have used in the past and is very professional.
We also discussed final details about our shooting day tomorrow such as props, in which order we were hoping to film the shots, and what the actors should be wearing. We decided to tell them to bring a variety of outfits, preferably containing bright colours. It seems most sensible to shoot by character rather than in chronological order, so we are planning to shoot all of the shots and angles for each character separately and then shoot the wide last. Ross also showed us some photos of his living room, where we are going to be filming, so that we could decide where the actors would be placed and where lighting would need to be. It is especially important for this film that we are able to make it look like each character is in a different location so that the audience do not guess that they are in the same room and ruin the twist!
We are using mainly close up and medium shots for the majority of the film, with the only wide being a tracking shot at the end of the film to reveal that all three characters are in the same room. We also thought about having the characters faces becoming more and more obscured by their device (eg. laptop, phone) throughout the film to show how they are becoming absorbed with technology.
As cinematographer for our short film, I also spent a while experimenting with the camera which I will be shooting with tomorrow, the Black Magic. Our group mentor Dave explained to me how to put the camera together, what the different lenses and filters are used for and other technicalities such as focus and shutter speed. I enjoyed getting to grips with this camera as it is very different to other DSLRs which I have used in the past and is very professional.
We also discussed final details about our shooting day tomorrow such as props, in which order we were hoping to film the shots, and what the actors should be wearing. We decided to tell them to bring a variety of outfits, preferably containing bright colours. It seems most sensible to shoot by character rather than in chronological order, so we are planning to shoot all of the shots and angles for each character separately and then shoot the wide last. Ross also showed us some photos of his living room, where we are going to be filming, so that we could decide where the actors would be placed and where lighting would need to be. It is especially important for this film that we are able to make it look like each character is in a different location so that the audience do not guess that they are in the same room and ruin the twist!
Editing 'The Letter'
Color Tinting
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| Original |
I tested out different colour tints in order to see what effect they would have on the mood of the film. I decided that the blue tint was the most appropriate for the horror genre, as the cool tone added an eerie element, whereas the warmer orange and pink tints were more suitable to use for the romance.
Effects
As well as colour tinting, I added effects in order to further highlight the different genres. Although this created a very over-exaggerated style, it helped show how far you can change and manipulate footage in order to completely alter its style, mood and genre. For the romantic film, I used the 'Romance' effect, adding a dream-like feel, and for the horror, the 'Sci-Fi' effect.
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| Romance Effect |
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| Sci-Fi Effect |
Music and Sound Effects
I had a lot of fun playing around with different music and sound effects to use for my two short films, especially for the horror genre. I found it a lot more difficult to make the romantic film interesting using sound effects, so I ended up simply using a piano piece in the background to create the right atmosphere. In the horror film, I used a variety of sound effects layered on top of a backing track in order to increase the tension, such as footsteps, a heartbeat, a ticking clock and a scream to create a dramatic ending.
Sunday 16 February 2014
Wednesday 12 February 2014
Meeting - 12th February
Today we had another meeting at the Rural Media Company in order to finalise our idea before we start production on Monday. However, due to the weather and flooding, only me, Ross and Elliot could make it. As our filming location (the park) is currently underwater, and we are still not entirely happy with the script, we needed to come up with a contingency plan. After talking to our filming mentors Nathan, Dave and Adrian, we have come up with a new, simple idea which all takes place inside using only three characters and has a similar theme of communication/technology.
Three teenagers are communicating via electronic means (laptops, phones and tablets). Their messages, emoticons and photos are visible on the screen, and you get a sense of their conversation. The three continue to communicate, their messages becoming more and more frantic, before the Internet goes down and their conversation ceases. It is then revealed that the three friends are in fact in the same room, but struggle to talk face to face.
We thought that this idea was a lot more simple, with an element of humour at the final twist, and much easier to shoot. Our idea for the new title of our film is 'Disconnected'. The idea of having graphics on screen was inspired by Pip's script. We will now (hopefully) be able to shoot all of the footage in one day still using Ross' house as our location, and then spend longer editing, as much of the story will be portrayed through special effects in post-production.
We contacted the rest of the group via video-call in order to let them know our new idea and to get their opinions/ideas. They all seem to be happy that this new idea is manageable, and we have decided on the three actors (Leah, Laura and George) who we are going to cast. We have made a brief list of plot points, and Rory is going to draft a script over the weekend ready for our pre-production day on Monday 17th. Dave has also very kindly said that we are able to use his Black Magic camera for the shoot, which solves the problem of kit!
Tuesday 11 February 2014
Auditions
Today we held auditions at my college in order to try and cast the roles of Charlotte (the female protagonist) and Adam (the artist who she meets at the end of the film). We did not know how many actors were going to turn up, and were surprised when 14 auditioned. Me, Pip, Rory and Liam were present, and took notes as the actors auditioned.
The actors filled out a contact sheet and then were given 10 minutes to read through the script, before we started the auditions. We began by auditioning each actor for Charlotte separately using the opening kitchen scene, but then realised that this would take too long, so auditioned males and females together using the penultimate scene where Charlotte and Adams exchange notes, in order to see how the two interacted. This was a difficult scene as it includes no dialogue, although we were more interested in body language and facial expressions.
We filmed the auditions in order to show to the rest of the group and to help us decide who to cast (video is in reverse order):
The actors filled out a contact sheet and then were given 10 minutes to read through the script, before we started the auditions. We began by auditioning each actor for Charlotte separately using the opening kitchen scene, but then realised that this would take too long, so auditioned males and females together using the penultimate scene where Charlotte and Adams exchange notes, in order to see how the two interacted. This was a difficult scene as it includes no dialogue, although we were more interested in body language and facial expressions.
We filmed the auditions in order to show to the rest of the group and to help us decide who to cast (video is in reverse order):
Monday 10 February 2014
Friday 7 February 2014
Meeting - 7th February
Today we organised a Google Hangout in order to discuss a number of important points relating to our short film:
Concept - We are all happy with the current concept for our short film, and now need a screenplay to be written. The current title for our film is 'Connection'. Our writer has been unavailable, so Ross and Pip are both going to have a go at writing out a script.
Locations - We are planning to shoot at Ross' house (for the indoor scenes), and at a park overlooking the river for the scenes where Charlotte, the main character, is outside. We decided against using locations such as a cafe, as it will be too difficult to arrange this.
Characters/Actors - We will need to audition actors for the roles of Charlotte and Adam (the boy she meets at the end of the film). Other supporting characters needed are Charlotte's family, passers by, a beggar and a dog walker with a dog. We are hoping to use ourselves to play these supporting characters, and Ross' family to play Charlotte's family, as we will be filming at his house.
Props - Newspapers, magazines, books, phones, tablets, headphones etc.
Shooting Dates - We have potentially three days to shoot our film (the 17th, 18th and 19th of Feb). We are going to shoot all of the outdoor scenes on one day, and all of the indoor scenes at Ross' house on a second day, and hopefully begin editing on the third.
Kit - We were given a list of available kit from the Rural Media Company and are hoping to use the C100 DSLR camera, a tripod, slider and microphone/boom pole.
Auditions - We are holding auditions on the 11th February at my college, from 12.45 to 1.55pm. We need to decide on what audition material we are going to give the actors, preferably an extract from the script, therefore it will need to be written by then. We will have a slot of 5 minutes for each actor, and also try out different combinations of Charlotte and Adam to see how they interact. We will film the auditions in order to show to the rest of the group and decide who to cast.
Concept - We are all happy with the current concept for our short film, and now need a screenplay to be written. The current title for our film is 'Connection'. Our writer has been unavailable, so Ross and Pip are both going to have a go at writing out a script.
Locations - We are planning to shoot at Ross' house (for the indoor scenes), and at a park overlooking the river for the scenes where Charlotte, the main character, is outside. We decided against using locations such as a cafe, as it will be too difficult to arrange this.
Characters/Actors - We will need to audition actors for the roles of Charlotte and Adam (the boy she meets at the end of the film). Other supporting characters needed are Charlotte's family, passers by, a beggar and a dog walker with a dog. We are hoping to use ourselves to play these supporting characters, and Ross' family to play Charlotte's family, as we will be filming at his house.
Props - Newspapers, magazines, books, phones, tablets, headphones etc.
Shooting Dates - We have potentially three days to shoot our film (the 17th, 18th and 19th of Feb). We are going to shoot all of the outdoor scenes on one day, and all of the indoor scenes at Ross' house on a second day, and hopefully begin editing on the third.
Kit - We were given a list of available kit from the Rural Media Company and are hoping to use the C100 DSLR camera, a tripod, slider and microphone/boom pole.
Auditions - We are holding auditions on the 11th February at my college, from 12.45 to 1.55pm. We need to decide on what audition material we are going to give the actors, preferably an extract from the script, therefore it will need to be written by then. We will have a slot of 5 minutes for each actor, and also try out different combinations of Charlotte and Adam to see how they interact. We will film the auditions in order to show to the rest of the group and decide who to cast.
Saturday 1 February 2014
Conventions of Horror and Romance
I have researched the different conventions of both horror and romance films in order to be able to effectively manipulate the genre of my two short films using different shots, sound, colour and editing techniques specific to the genres.
Horror
Common Shots/Camera Movements
Horror
- Aims to inflict fear in the audience
- Fast editing pace used, jumping between shots in order to increase tension
- Music - mainly quiet and atmospheric, builds towards climatic moments in order to create suspense
- Sound effects - ambient and unsettling background sounds, eg. footsteps
- Colour - dark/cool colours such as blue, low-key lighting and plenty of shadows
Common Shots/Camera Movements
- Extreme close-up on the face of the 'victim' - increases discomfort, involves the audience with the character and shows their facial expressions
- Hand held shots - creates a 'trembling' effect, increases the sense of reality and consequently the fear factor
- Point of view shots - allow the audience to see the events through the eyes of the character
- Unnatural camera angles, eg. high angles/low angles/dutch tilt
- Zoom - creates a dramatic effect
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| Dutch Angle Shot |
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| The Use of Shadow in 'The Sixth Sense' |
Romance
- A love story in a realistic setting, aims to be 'feel-good'
- Slow editing pace used, this increases to emphasise the character's emotions
- Music - usually soft pop or classical music
- Transitions used between titles/credits to give a dreamy feel
- Colour - warm colours, low level lighting to create a romantic atmosphere
Common Shots/Camera Movements
- Mid shots/long shots - used to establish the scene and to show body language of the characters
- Close ups - allows the audience to see the facial expressions of the characters
- Slow panning
- Over the shoulder shots - give a relaxed feel, show relationships between characters
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| Warm Colours in 'Titanic' |
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| Over the Shoulder Shot in 'Love Actually' |
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